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Naturalization is a two-step process for becoming a citizen of the United States. An alien files a *Declaration of Intent* (also known as the DI or 1st papers); then files a *Petition for naturalization* (the petition is also referred to as the 2nd papers or final papers).  After the petition is granted, a Certificate (sometimes called the 3rd papers) is issued to the new citizen as proof of their citizenship. Basically, the requirements have been residency in the country for a certain period of time, good moral character, and an oath of allegiance......but the requirements and process have changed many times. 

Three important notes when searching for an ancestors naturalization papers:
(1)The filing of the Declaration of Intention, and of the Petition, did *not* have to take place in the same court. 
(2)The content of naturalization papers varies due to differences in court procedures for recording and keeping the records, and due to  the many changes in requirements and process of naturalization. 
(3)Naturalization certificates were issued to newly naturalized citizens as evidence of their citizenship. Prior to 1907,  standardized forms were not used, and few courts retained copies of the certificates. 

For *detailed* information concerning the naturalization process and requirements see: 

The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) has redesigned their Web site. The redesign came about due to comments they had received from researchers.

The old web site contained tons of useful information, but it was difficult to navigate. The new home page features three columns of links. On the left are those that tell you about NARA. The center of the page contains changing content such as news. On the right, you choose the links based on who you are (General Public, Genealogist, Educator, Journalist). Below those are links to databases and tools such as Archival Research Catalog, Access to Archival Databases, eVetRecs, and how to order records on-line.

The main genealogy page links you to online finding aids and research overviews. There are also links to FAQ's, guides to resources, microfilmed records, and pages about record groups such as census, military and immigration. 

NARA - Naturalization Records: 
http://www.archives.gov/index.html